Carbon sequestration in agricultural systems represents a critical strategy for mitigating climate change while enhancing agricultural productivity and sustainability. This comprehensive review examines the mechanisms, practices, and potential of agricultural carbon sequestration across different farming systems worldwide. Agricultural soils contain approximately 1,500 billion tons of carbon, making them the third-largest carbon pool after oceans and fossil fuel deposits. Through systematic analysis of current research and field studies, this paper evaluates various carbon sequestration practices including cover cropping, conservation tillage, agroforestry, rotational grazing, and organic amendments. The results indicate that agricultural carbon sequestration can potentially offset 5-15% of global greenhouse gas emissions while improving soil health, water retention, and crop yields. Conservation tillage systems show sequestration rates of 0.2-0.8 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹, while agroforestry systems can sequester 0.5-3.2 Mg C ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. However, implementation faces challenges including economic barriers, technical knowledge gaps, and measurement complexities. Policy frameworks supporting carbon markets and incentive programs are essential for widespread adoption. This review concludes that agricultural carbon sequestration offers significant potential for climate change mitigation, requiring integrated approaches combining scientific research, policy support, and farmer engagement to achieve global climate goals.