Agricultural productivity is increasingly challenged by environmental stresses, soil degradation, and rising global food demand, necessitating innovative and sustainable solutions. Modern biotechnology innovations—such as genetically modified (GM) crops, CRISPR/Cas gene editing, bio-fertilizers, bio-pesticides, and molecular breeding—offer significant potential to enhance crop yields, pest and disease resistance, and climate resilience while promoting sustainable farming practices. This paper reviews recent advancements in these biotechnologies, highlighting global case studies, their role in improving productivity and sustainability, and exploring the associated ethical, regulatory, and socio-economic considerations. The integration of these technologies into mainstream agriculture promises to revolutionize food production, though appropriate governance, public engagement, and equitable deployment are essential to maximize benefits and mitigate risks.