The global fertilizer supply chain faces critical challenges in transparency, authenticity verification, and regulatory compliance, contributing to agricultural input fraud, environmental degradation, and reduced farmer profitability. Digital ledger technology (DLT), particularly blockchain-based systems, offers transformative solutions through immutable record-keeping, automated smart contracts, and decentralized traceability frameworks. This review examines the application of DLT for fertilizer supply chain management, focusing on provenance tracking, stakeholder integration, and quality assurance mechanisms. Key implementations include Ethereum and Hyperledger-based platforms that enable real-time monitoring from manufacturing facilities through distribution networks to farm-level application. Smart contracts automate compliance verification, payment settlements, and quality certification while reducing intermediary dependencies and transaction costs. Case studies demonstrate successful deployment in nitrogen fertilizer tracking, organic certification verification, and subsidy distribution systems across multiple agricultural regions. Despite promising outcomes, significant barriers persist including scalability limitations, energy consumption concerns, digital literacy gaps among smallholder farmers, and regulatory framework inconsistencies. Future adoption requires interoperable standards, lightweight consensus mechanisms, mobile-accessible interfaces, and supportive policy environments. This article synthesizes current DLT applications in fertilizer supply chains and identifies pathways toward sustainable, transparent, and accountable agricultural input management systems.