India’s agricultural sector, a crucial component of the country’s economy, has faced persistent challenges, including low productivity, fragmented landholdings, and vulnerability to climate change. In response, the Government of India has launched various schemes aimed at promoting agricultural development and enhancing farmer welfare. This study evaluates the impact and effectiveness of key central government schemes, such as the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY), Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi (PM-KISAN), and the National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA). By analyzing their design, implementation, and outcomes, this paper explores the extent to which these schemes have contributed to improving agricultural productivity, income security, and climate resilience.
The Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana has provided critical financial support to farmers during crop failures caused by natural calamities, though challenges such as delays in claim settlements remain. Similarly, PM-KISAN’s direct income support to small and marginal farmers has helped reduce financial distress, but concerns about its long-term viability continue. The National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture has encouraged resource-efficient and climate-resilient farming methods, yet uneven adoption across regions highlights the need for more localized implementation. The findings point to both achievements and areas for improvement, offering recommendations to enhance the effectiveness and reach of these important initiatives.